Parkinson's eye damage hope

Recent studies by the team show near infra-red light can protect the retina of the eye from toxins which attack its nerve cells. Vision scientists have discovered a new avenue for the treatment of vision loss, one of complications of Parkinson’s disease.

Gentle, non-invasive treatment with a soft infra-red light can potentially protect and heal the damage that occurs to the human retina in in Parkinson’s disease, says Professor Jonathan Stone from The Vision Centre and The University of Sydney.

“Near infra-red light (NIR) treatment has long been known to promote the healing of wounds in soft tissues such as skin. Our recent studies are showing that it can also protect the retina of the eye from toxins which attack its nerve cells,” Professor Stone says.

“We have been studying a mouse ‘model’ of Parkinson’s disease, in which such a toxin is used to create a Parkinson-like condition. The toxin targets brain cells which use a particular signalling molecule called dopamine, and the infrared light – in the right dose and with the right timing – blocks the toxic effect.”

The toxin also kills certain key retinal cells which use dopamine which are important in giving sharpness to the retina’s coding of visual images. However infrared light also protects these retinal cells and reduces the damage.

“This protection or rescue of neurones in the brain – and as we know now, in the retina – is better than the best established treatments for Parkinson’s disease,” Professor Stone says. “The challenge now is to translate these findings, made in mouse models, to human patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease.”

The research has also raised important new questions, he adds. “How, for example, does the infrared light create this protection? The answer seems to be that the radiation reverses damage to the cells’ machinery for the production of the energy it needs, from oxygen. With their energy production restored, damaged cells repair themselves, and resume function.

“Does the radiation work if given before the cell is damaged, or only after it is damaged? The rescue effect is there either way”, says Professor Stone. “We have much to learn about the mechanism and its timing, but these initial observations are encouraging.

“As to how soon it can be applied clinically, there are already dozens of clinical trial published, using infrared light for soft tissue wound healing and for pain relief. Small but good quality clinical trials have been reported for human vision, in age-related macular degeneration, and for stroke damage to the brain.

“Our new results suggest that infra-red radiation will be effective in Parkinson’s disease. Because the radiation is effective at low intensities, with no known toxicity, there are few barriers if any to trials in humans.

”Diseases like Parkinson’s are seriously debilitating; for the individual the need is immediate. There is every reason for trials to be carried out as soon as possible.”

As to the potential benefits for Parkinson’s patients, he says: “Principally, we anticipate there would be a preservation of acuity, the clarity with which we can see detail and contours in the visual world. The same treatment should be protective for the brain as well, preventing or slowing the otherwise relentless progress of the disease. As always, we will need rigorous trials, to know what can be achieved.”

Finally, he says, it is no surprise that the same treatment works for both the brain and the retina: “The retina of the eye is really part of the brain – the only part outside the skull. It has to be outside the skull, so it can function as an eye. In many ways the retina is the most accessible part of the brain, and many discoveries about the brain have begun in the retina.”

“Parkinson’s is a double-whammy disease,” says Professor Stone. “Our dream is turn back both the damage to the brain, and the damage to the retina. Increasingly, this seems possible.”

The study “Survival of Dopaminergic Amacrine Cells after Near-Infrared Light Treatment in MPTP-Treated Mice” by Cassandra Peoples, Victoria E. Shaw, Jonathan Stone, Glen Jeffery, Gary E. Baker and John Mitrofanis was published in ISRN Neurology. A copy of it is available here.

The Vision Centre is funded by the Australian Research Council as the ARC Centre of Excellence in Vision Science.